Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C). Grease and flour a 9-inch (23 cm) round cake pan.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the all-purpose flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt. Set aside.
In a large bowl, whisk the granulated sugar and eggs together until pale and fluffy, about 2-3 minutes.
Add the Greek yogurt, vegetable oil, lemon zest, lemon juice, and vanilla extract to the egg mixture. Whisk until well combined.
Gradually add the dry ingredients to the wet ingredients, folding gently with a spatula until just combined. Do not overmix.
Pour the batter into the prepared cake pan and smooth the top with a spatula.
Bake for 38-42 minutes or until a toothpick inserted into the center comes out clean.
Remove the cake from the oven and let it cool in the pan for 10 minutes. Then transfer to a wire rack to cool completely.
Once cooled, dust the top with powdered sugar if desired before serving.